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Model

Awesome Diffusion Llm

Name: Awesome Diffusion Llm
Author: AIDASLab

by AIDASLab gh-tool--aidaslab--awesome-diffusion-llm

Free2AITools Nexus Index

45.8 Top 100%

S: Semantic 50

A: Authority 0

P: Popularity 44

R: Recency 98

Q: Quality 70

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Audited 45.8 FNI Score

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Registry ID	gh-tool--aidaslab--awesome-diffusion-llm
Provider	github

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BibTeX

@misc{gh_tool__aidaslab__awesome_diffusion_llm,
  author = {AIDASLab},
  title = {Awesome Diffusion Llm Model},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/AIDASLab/Awesome-Diffusion-LLM}},
  note = {Accessed via Free2AITools Knowledge Fortress}
}

APA Style

AIDASLab. (2026). Awesome Diffusion Llm [Model]. Free2AITools. https://github.com/AIDASLab/Awesome-Diffusion-LLM

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⚖️ Free2AITools Nexus Index V2.0

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Semantic (S) 50

Authority (A) 0

Popularity (P) 44

Recency (R) 98

Quality (Q) 70

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FNI V2.0 for Awesome Diffusion Llm: Semantic (S:50), Authority (A:0), Popularity (P:44), Recency (R:98), Quality (Q:70).

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Awesome-Large-Language-Diffusion-Models

A comprehensive and structured list of research papers about Large-Language-Diffusion-Models (dLLMs).

Last major update: April 2026 — added latest 2026 arxiv works, NeurIPS 2025 spotlights, ICLR 2026 papers, frontier-scale dLLMs (LLaDA2.0/2.1, Dream-VLA, etc.), and a new section for Agentic / Tool-Use behavior.

⚙️ Framework (Taxonomy)

Surveys & Useful Resources
Core Methodologies
Reasoning & Policy Optimization
- Reasoning & Planning
- Alignment & RL
Token Ordering & Generation Strategies
System Efficiency & Acceleration
Multi-modal & Physical AI
Agentic & Tool-Use dLLMs
Theory, Guidance & Applications
- Theory & Analysis
- Guidance & Downstream Applications
Seminal Diffusion Papers

1. Surveys & Useful Resources

📚 Blogs & Reports

📝 Survey & Perspective Papers

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Diffusion Models for Non-autoregressive Text Generation: A Survey	2023.03	IJCAI	Early NAR-text survey
A Survey of Diffusion Models in NLP	2023.05	Arxiv	Early NLP survey
Discrete Diffusion in Large Language and Multimodal Models: A Survey	2025.06	Arxiv	dLLM + dMLLM
Diffusion-based Large Language Models Survey	2025.08	TechRxiv	-
A Survey on Parallel Text Generation: From Parallel Decoding to Diffusion Language Models	2025.08	Arxiv	-
A Survey on Diffusion Language Models	2025.08	Arxiv	VILA-Lab; comprehensive
Efficient Diffusion Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey	2026.01		Efficiency-focused
Top 10 Open Challenges Steering the Future of Diffusion Language Model and Its Variants	2026.01	Arxiv	Perspective / roadmap

2. Core Methodologies

2.1 Discrete & Masked Diffusion

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
DiffusER: Discrete Diffusion via Edit-based Reconstruction	2022.10	ICLR	<7B
SSD-LM: Semi-autoregressive Simplex-based Diffusion for Modular Control	2022.10	ACL	<7B, Simplex
DiffusionBERT: Improving Generative Masked Language Models	2022.11	ACL	<7B, Masked
A Reparameterized Discrete Diffusion Model for Text Generation	2023.02	COLM	<7B
David helps Goliath: Inference-Time Collaboration Between Small and Large Diffusion LMs	2023.05	NAACL	>7B, Scale-collaboration
TESS: Text-to-Text Self-Conditioned Simplex Diffusion	2023.05	EACL	<7B, Simplex
Diffusion Language Models Can Perform Many Tasks with Scaling and Instruction-Finetuning	2023.08	Arxiv	>7B, Scaling
Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution (SEDD)	2023.10	ICML	<7B, Discrete
Simplified and Generalized Masked Diffusion for Discrete Data (MD4)	2024.06	NeurIPS	-
Simple and Effective Masked Diffusion Language Models (MDLM)	2024.06	NeurIPS	<7B, Masked
Your Absorbing Discrete Diffusion Secretly Models the Conditional Distributions of Clean Data (RADD)	2024.06	ICLR	<7B, Masked
Scaling up Masked Diffusion Models on Text (SMDM)	2024.10	ICLR	<7B, 1.1B Scaling
Energy-Based Diffusion Language Models for Text Generation (EDLM)	2024.10	ICLR	<7B
Conditional MASK Discrete Diffusion Language Model	2024.11	EMNLP	<7B
Non-Markovian Discrete Diffusion with Causal Language Models	2025.02	NeurIPS	<7B
Large Language Diffusion Models (LLaDA)	2025.02	NeurIPS	>7B, LLaDA-8B
Anchored Diffusion Language Model (ADLM)	2025.05	NeurIPS	>7B; ANELBO objective
LongLLaDA: Unlocking Long Context Capabilities in Diffusion LLMs	2025.06	Arxiv	>7B, Context Scaling
Esoteric Language Models (Eso-LMs)	2025.06	Arxiv	AR + MDM hybrid
Dream 7B: Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B, Dream-7B
Sequential Diffusion Language Models	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
LLaDA-MoE: A Sparse MoE Diffusion Language Model	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B, 7B-A1B MoE from scratch
UltraLLaDA: Scaling Context to 128K	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Context Scaling
Next Semantic Scale Prediction via Hierarchical Diffusion Language Models	2025.10	NeurIPS	-
Masked Diffusion Models as Energy Minimization	2025.10	NeurIPS	<7B
Soft-Masked Diffusion Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	<7B
Variational Masked Diffusion Models	2025.10	Arxiv	<7B
Diffusion LLM with Native Variable Generation Lengths: Let [EOS] Lead the Way	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Variable Length
Diffusion Language Models are Super Data Learners	2025.11	Arxiv	Data efficiency
DiffuMamba: High-Throughput Diffusion LMs with Mamba Backbone	2025.11	Arxiv	Non-Transformer Backbone
TiDAR: Think in Diffusion, Talk in Autoregression	2025.11	Arxiv	>7B
C2DLM: Causal Concept-Guided Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.11	Arxiv	>7B
Beyond Hard Masks: Progressive Token Evolution for Diffusion Language Models	2026.01	ACL	Soft tokens, Masked
LLaDA2.0: Scaling Up Diffusion Language Models to 100B	2025.12	Arxiv	>100B, MoE; Ant Group
LLaDA2.1: Speeding Up Text Diffusion via Token Editing	2026.02	Arxiv	Editable State Evolution
Introspective Diffusion Language Models (I-DLM)	2026.04	Arxiv	Introspective consistency
W1-4B-dLLM (WhaletechAI)	2026.04	HF Model	4B open dLLM; demo

2.2 Continuous & Latent Space Diffusion

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Diffusion-LM Improves Controllable Text Generation	2022.05	NeurIPS	<7B, Embedding
DiffuSeq: Sequence to Sequence Text Generation	2022.10	ICLR	<7B, Embedding
Latent Diffusion for Language Generation	2022.12	NeurIPS	<7B, Latent
Diffusion Glancing Transformer for Parallel Sequence to Sequence Learning	2022.12	NAACL	<7B
Empowering Diffusion Models on the Embedding Space for Text Generation	2022.12	NAACL	<7B, Embedding
Text Generation with Diffusion Language Models: A Pre-training Approach with Continuous Paragraph Denoise	2022.12	ICML	<7B, Embedding
DINOISER: Diffused Conditional Sequence Learning by Manipulating Noises	2023.02	TACL	<7B, Embedding
Likelihood-Based Diffusion Language Models (Plaid)	2023.05	NeurIPS	<7B, Plaid 1B
PLANNER: Generating Diversified Paragraph via Latent Language Diffusion Model	2023.06	NeurIPS	<7B, Latent
Edit Flows: Flow Matching with Edit Operations	2025.06	Arxiv	-
Coevolutionary Continuous Discrete Diffusion: Latent Reasoner	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B; CCDD

2.3 AR-to-Diffusion Adaptation

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Scaling Diffusion Language Models via Adaptation from Autoregressive Models (DiffuLLM)	2024.10	ICLR	>7B, GPT2/LLaMA2 Adaptation
Large Language Models to Diffusion Finetuning	2025.01	ICML	>7B
TESS 2: A Large-Scale Generalist Diffusion Language Model	2025.02	ACL	>7B, Adapted from Mistral
SDAR: A Synergistic Diffusion-AutoRegression Paradigm	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Qwen3-based BD
From Next-Token to Next-Block: Principled Adaptation Path	2025.11	Arxiv	>7B, Adaptation Path
Efficient-DLM: From Autoregressive to Diffusion Language Models, and Beyond in Speed	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B
LLaDA2.0: Scaling Up Diffusion Language Models to 100B	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B, AR→dLLM at 100B

2.4 Hybrid AR-Diffusion (Block / Forcing)

A new section: hybrids that interleave block-level AR with intra-block diffusion, or "forcing" approaches that retain causal masks for KV-cache reuse.

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Block Diffusion: Interpolating Between Autoregressive and Diffusion Language Models (BD3-LM)	2025.03	ICLR	<7B, Interpolation
D2F: Diffusion LLMs Can Do Faster-Than-AR Inference via Discrete Diffusion Forcing	2025.08	ICLR	>7B, Faster-than-AR
Blockwise SFT for Diffusion Language Models: Reconciling Bidirectional Attention and Autoregressive Decoding	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B
SDAR: Synergistic Diffusion-AutoRegression Paradigm	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Block hybrid
Encoder-Decoder Block Diffusion Language Models for Efficient Training and Inference (E2D2)	2025.10	NeurIPS	Block Enc-Dec
Fast-dLLM v2: Efficient Block-Diffusion LLM	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B, Block Decoding
WeDLM: Reconciling Diffusion Language Models with Standard Causal Attention for Fast Inference	2025.12	Arxiv	Causal-attn diffusion
ReFusion: Diffusion LLM with Parallel Autoregressive Decoding	2025.12	Arxiv	Slot-level interleaving
Swordsman: Entropy-Driven Adaptive Block Partition for Efficient Diffusion Language Models	2026.02	Arxiv	Adaptive block
DFlash: Block Diffusion for Flash Speculative Decoding	2026.02	Arxiv	Block + speculative

3. Reasoning & Policy Optimization

3.1 Reasoning & Planning

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Diffusion of Thought: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in dLLMs	2024.02	NeurIPS	<7B, CoT Foundation
Beyond Autoregression: Discrete Diffusion for Complex Reasoning	2024.10	ICLR	<7B
Tree Reward-Aligned Search for TReASURe in Masked Diffusion Language Models	2024.10	Arxiv	Planning
d1: Scaling Reasoning in dLLMs via RL	2025.04	NeurIPS	>7B, Reasoning scaling
Reinforcing the Diffusion Chain of Lateral Thought	2025.05	NeurIPS	>7B
Thinking Inside the Mask: In-Place Prompting in dLLMs	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B
Reinforced Context Order Recovery for Adaptive Reasoning	2025.08	Arxiv	<7B, Planning
d2: Improved Techniques for Training Reasoning dLLMs	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
LaDiR: Latent Diffusion Enhances LLMs for Text Reasoning	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Beyond Surface Reasoning: Unveiling Long CoT Capacity	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Coevolutionary Continuous Discrete Diffusion: Latent Reasoner	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
On the Reasoning Abilities of Masked Diffusion Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Planner and Executor: Collaboration between Discrete Diffusion And Autoregressive Models in Reasoning	2025.10	Arxiv	Collaboration
Diffuse Thinking: Exploring Diffusion Language Models as Efficient Thought Proposers for Reasoning	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B

3.2 Alignment & Reinforcement Learning

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Preference-Based Alignment of Discrete Diffusion Models	2025.03	Arxiv	>7B
DiFFPO: Training dLLMs to Reason Fast and Furious via RL	2025.05	Arxiv	>7B, Direct Preference
LLaDA 1.5: Variance-Reduced Preference Optimization	2025.05	Arxiv	>7B
wd1: Weighted Policy Optimization for Reasoning	2025.07	Arxiv	>7B
Where to Start Alignment? Diffusion Large Language Model May Demand a Distinct Position	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B, Safety
Jailbreaking Large Language Diffusion Models: Revealing Hidden Safety Flaws in Diffusion-Based Text Generation	2025.07	Arxiv	Safety
The Devil behind the mask: An emergent safety vulnerability	2025.07	Arxiv	Safety
MDPO: Overcoming the Training-Inference Divide	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B
Reward-Weighted Sampling: Enhancing Non-Autoregressive Characteristics in Masked Diffusion LLMs	2025.08	EMNLP	>7B
Inpainting-Guided Policy Optimization for dLLMs	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
Taming Masked Diffusion via Consistency Trajectory RL	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
TR2-D2: Tree Search Guided Trajectory-Aware Fine-Tuning	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
Revolutionizing RL Framework for Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
A2D: Any-Order, Any-Step Safety Alignment for Diffusion Language Models	2025.09	Arxiv	Safety
DiffuGuard: How Intrinsic Safety is Lost and Found in Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.09	Arxiv	Safety
RFG: Test-Time Scaling for Diffusion Large Language Model Reasoning with Reward-Free Guidance	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
AGRPO: Simple Policy Gradients for Reasoning with Diffusion Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Improving Reasoning via Group Diffusion Policy Optimization (GDPO)	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Step-Aware Policy Optimization for Reasoning	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
MRO: Enhancing Reasoning via Multi-Reward Optimization	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Enhancing Reasoning via Distribution Matching Policy Optimization	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Boundary-Guided Policy Optimization for Memory-efficient RL	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
SPG: Sandwiched Policy Gradient for Masked Diffusion	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Improving Discrete Diffusion Unmasking Policies Beyond Explicit Reference Policies	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Latent Refinement Decoding: Enhancing Diffusion-Based Language Models by Refining Belief States	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Principled RL for Diffusion LLMs Emerges from a Sequence-Level Perspective	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B
d-TreeRPO: Towards More Reliable Policy Optimization for Diffusion Language Models	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B
DARE: Diffusion Large Language Models Alignment and Reinforcement Executor	2026.04	Arxiv	Unified RL framework
DiRL: An Efficient Post-Training Framework for Diffusion Language Models	2025.12	Arxiv	Post-training
Efficient and Stable Reinforcement Learning for Diffusion Language Models	2026.02	Arxiv	Variance reduction
Agents of Diffusion: Enhancing Diffusion Language Models with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Structured Data Generation	2026.01	Arxiv	Multi-agent RL

4. Token Ordering & Generation Strategies

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
SSD-LM: Semi-autoregressive Simplex-based Diffusion for Modular Control	2022.10	ACL	<7B, Blockwise
AR-Diffusion: Auto-Regressive Diffusion Model for Text Generation	2023.05	NeurIPS	<7B, AR-like noise
Train for the Worst, Plan for the Best: Understanding Token Ordering	2025.02	ICML	<7B, Ordering Analysis
Block Diffusion: Interpolating Between Autoregressive and Diffusion LMs	2025.03	ICLR	<7B, Interpolation
Review, Remask, Refine (R3): Process-Guided Block Diffusion	2025.07	ICML MOSS	>7B, Block-wise
Any-Order Flexible Length Masked Diffusion	2025.09	Arxiv	<7B, Order Flexibility
Don't Settle Too Early: Self-Reflective Remasking for Diffusion Language Models	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B, Remasking
Don't Let It Fade: Preserving Edits via Token Timestep Allocation	2025.10	NeurIPS	<7B, Edit preservation
Finish First, Perfect Later: Test-Time Token-Level Cross-Validation for Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Unmasking
Improving Discrete Diffusion Unmasking Policies Beyond Explicit Reference Policies	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Unmasking
Parallel Sampling from Masked Diffusion Models via Conditional Independence Testing	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Unmasking
Diffusion Language Model Inference with Monte Carlo Tree Search	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B, MCTS
Optimizing Decoding Paths in Masked Diffusion Models by Quantifying Uncertainty	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B, Unmasking
Adaptation to Intrinsic Dependence in Diffusion Language Models	2026.02	Arxiv	Distribution-agnostic schedule
Efficient Self-Evaluation for Diffusion Language Models via Sequence Regeneration	2026.03	ACL	Self-evaluation, Flexible length
D5P4: Partition Determinantal Point Process for Diversity in Parallel Discrete Diffusion Decoding	2026.03	Arxiv	Diversity-aware decoding

5. System Efficiency & Acceleration

5.1 Caching & Memory Strategy

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
dKV-Cache: The Cache for Diffusion Language Models	2025.05	NeurIPS	>7B
FlashDLM: Accelerating Diffusion Language Model Inference via Efficient KV Caching and Guided Diffusion	2025.05	Arxiv	>7B
Fast-dLLM: Training-free Acceleration via KV Cache + Parallel Decoding	2025.05	Arxiv	NVIDIA; KV cache + parallel
dLLM-Cache: Accelerating Diffusion Large Language Models with Adaptive Caching	2025.06	Arxiv	>7B
d^2Cache: Accelerating via Dual Adaptive Caching	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
Attention Is All You Need for KV Cache in dLLMs	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Attention Sinks in Diffusion Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
WeDLM: Reconciling Diffusion Language Models with Standard Causal Attention for Fast Inference	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B, Causal cache
Stop the Flip-Flop: Context-Preserving Verification for Fast Revocable Diffusion Decoding (COVER)	2026.02	Arxiv	KV-override verification
Focus-dLLM: Accelerating Long-Context Diffusion LLM Inference via Confidence-Guided Context Focusing	2026.02	Arxiv	Long-context sparsity
Mosaic: Unlocking Long-Context Inference for Diffusion LLMs via Global Memory Planning and Dynamic Peak Taming	2026.01	Arxiv	Long-context memory
Residual Context Diffusion Language Models	2026.01	Arxiv	Recycle discarded tokens

5.2 Decoding & Sampling

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Speculative Diffusion Decoding: Accelerating Language Generation through Diffusion	2024.08	NAACL	<7B, Speculative Decoding
Wide-In, Narrow-Out: Revokable Decoding for Effective dLLMs	2025.07	Arxiv	>7B
Accelerating Diffusion LLMs via Adaptive Parallel Decoding (APD)	2025.05	NeurIPS	>7B
DLM-One: Diffusion Language Models for One-Step Generation	2025.06	Arxiv	<7B
Accelerating Diffusion Large Language Models with SlowFast Sampling: The Three Golden Principles	2025.06	Arxiv	>7B
Plan for Speed: Dilated Scheduling for Masked Diffusion Language Models	2025.06	Arxiv	>7B
Beyond Fixed: Training-Free Variable-Length Denoising for Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B
DPad: Efficient Diffusion Language Models with Suffix Dropout	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B
Fast and Fluent Diffusion Language Models via Convolutional Decoding and Rejective Fine-tuning	2025.09	NeurIPS	>7B
AdaBlock-dLLM: Semantic-Aware Inference via Adaptive Block Size	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
dParallel: Learnable Parallel Decoding for dLLMs	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
Learning to Parallel: Accelerating dLLMs via Learnable Parallel Decoding	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
Spiffy: Multiplying Acceleration via Lossless Speculative Decoding	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B, Speculative Decoding
DiffuSpec: Unlocking dLLMs for Speculative Decoding	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B, Speculative Decoding
Loopholing Discrete Diffusion: Deterministic Bypass of the Sampling Wall	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Saber: Efficient Sampling with Backtracking Enhanced Remasking	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
CreditDecoding: Parallel Decoding with Trace Credits	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Accelerating dLLM Inference via Local Determinism Propagation	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B
Self Speculative Decoding for Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Speculative Decoding
SpecDiff-2: Scaling Diffusion Drafter Alignment	2025.11	Arxiv	>7B, Speculative Decoding
Orchestrating Dual-Boundaries: An Arithmetic Intensity Inspired Acceleration Framework for Diffusion Language Models	2025.11	Arxiv	>7B
Beyond Confidence: Adaptive and Coherent Decoding for Diffusion Language Models	2025.11	Arxiv	>7B
Fail Fast, Win Big: Rethinking the Drafting Strategy in Speculative Decoding via Diffusion LLMs	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B, Speculative Decoding
Fast-Decoding via Progress-Aware Confidence Schedules	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B
ReFusion: A Diffusion Large Language Model with Parallel Autoregressive Decoding	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B
Context-Aware Initialization for Reducing Generative Path Length in Diffusion Language Models	2025.12	Arxiv	>7B
DART: Diffusion-Inspired Speculative Decoding for Fast LLM Inference	2026.01	Arxiv	Speculative drafting
DFlash: Block Diffusion for Flash Speculative Decoding	2026.02	Arxiv	Block + speculative
Swordsman: Entropy-Driven Adaptive Block Partition for Efficient Diffusion Language Models	2026.02	Arxiv	Entropy-adaptive blocks

5.3 Distillation, Quantization & Sparsity

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Beyond Autoregression: Fast LLMs via Self-Distillation Through Time	2024.10	ICLR	<7B, Distillation
Sparse-dLLM: Accelerating Diffusion LLMs with Dynamic Cache Eviction	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B, Sparsity
DLLMQuant: Quantizing Diffusion-based Large Language Models	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B, Quantization
Quantization Meets dLLMs: Post-training Quantization Study	2025.08	Arxiv	>7B, Quantization
FS-DFM: Few-Step Diffusion Language Model	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B
SparseD: Sparse Attention for Diffusion Language Models	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B, Sparsity
LLaDA-MoE: A Sparse MoE Diffusion Language Model	2025.09	Arxiv	>7B, MoE
Ultra-Fast Language Generation via Discrete Diffusion Divergence Instruct	2025.10	Arxiv	>7B, Distillation
CDLM: Consistency Diffusion Language Models For Faster Sampling	2025.11	Arxiv	>7B, Consistency

5.4 Inference Frameworks & Systems

New section: production-grade frameworks and runtime engineering for dLLMs.

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
dlmserve	2026.05	Repo	First OSS serving engine for diffusion LMs (LLaDA family); OpenAI-compatible HTTP, step-level batching (2.5x HF), LocalLeap (1.8x). MIT.
FOCUS: DLLMs Know How to Tame Their Compute Bound	2026.01	ICML	Training-free inference system; token eviction for higher throughput
dInfer: An Efficient Inference Framework for Diffusion Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	Modular framework, >1100 TPS
JetEngine (SDAR)	2025.10	Repo	Lightweight engine for SDAR (3700+ TPS on H200)
Mercury: Ultra-Fast Language Models Based on Diffusion	2025.06	Arxiv	Inception Labs commercial dLLM
Seed Diffusion: Large-Scale dLLM with High-Speed Inference	2025.08	Arxiv	ByteDance code-focused dLLM

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Dual Diffusion for Unified Image Generation and Understanding	2025.01	Arxiv	Unified Task
Unified Multimodal Discrete Diffusion (UniDisc)	2025.03	Arxiv	Unified Diffusion
LaViDa: A Large Diffusion LLM for Multimodal Understanding	2025.05	NeurIPS Spotlight	Understanding
MMaDA: Multimodal Large Diffusion Language Models	2025.05	NeurIPS	Native Multimodal
Dimple: Discrete Diffusion Multimodal LLM with Parallel Decoding	2025.05	Arxiv	Parallel Multimodal
LLaDA-V: Diffusion LLMs with Visual Instruction Tuning	2025.06	Arxiv	Visual Tuning
Muddit: Liberating Generation Beyond Text-to-Image	2025.05	Arxiv	Multi-modal
Show-o2: Improved Native Unified Multimodal Models	2025.06	Arxiv	Unified Generation
Diffuse Everything: Multimodal Diffusion on Arbitrary Spaces	2025.06	ICML	Arbitrary Spaces
TBAC-UniImage: Unified Understanding and Generation by Ladder-Side Diffusion Tuning	2025.08	Arxiv	Tencent ladder-side tuning
Lumina-DiMOO: Omni Diffusion LLM for Generation	2025.10	Arxiv	Omni-generation
MMaDA-Parallel: Thinking-Aware Editing and Generation	2025.11	Arxiv	Parallel Multimodal
DiffusionVL: Translating AR Models into Diffusion VL Models	2025.12	Arxiv	VL Adaptation
SDAR-VL: Stable and Efficient Block-wise Diffusion for Vision-Language Understanding	2025.12	Arxiv	Block-diffusion VL
Dream-VL: Open Vision-Language Model with Diffusion Backbone	2025.12	Arxiv	dVLM from Dream-7B
LaViDa-R1: Advancing Reasoning for Unified Multimodal Diffusion Language Models	2026.02	Arxiv	Unified RL post-training
Omni-Diffusion: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Masked Discrete Diffusion	2026.03	Arxiv	Any-to-any (text/speech/image)
LLaDA2.0-Uni: Unifying Multimodal Understanding and Generation	2026.04	Arxiv	SigLIP-VQ + block diffusion
Fast-dVLM: Efficient Block-Diffusion VLM via Direct Conversion from Autoregressive VLM	2026.04	Arxiv	AR-VLM → block-diffusion VLM
Analyzing Diffusion and Autoregressive VLMs in Multimodal Embedding Space	2026.02	Arxiv	Embedding analysis
Dynin-Omni: Omnimodal Unified Large Diffusion Language Model	2026.03	Arxiv	Omnimodal

6.2 Vision-Language-Action (VLA)

Scope note: this section covers VLA models that use a diffusion/masked-diffusion language model as the backbone (dVLM-based VLA) or apply discrete diffusion as the action-decoding mechanism (not continuous diffusion action heads grafted onto an AR VLM). Pure continuous-diffusion-policy VLAs such as DiVLA (Wen et al., 2024), HybridVLA, and ProgressVLA are intentionally excluded because their language model is autoregressive — only the action head is diffusion-based.

(a) dVLM-backbone VLA — language backbone itself is a diffusion language model.

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
LLaDA-VLA: Vision Language Diffusion Action Models	2025.06	Arxiv	First LLaDA(d-VLM)-based VLA
dVLA: Diffusion VLA with Multimodal Chain-of-Thought	2025.09	Arxiv	dLLM backbone + multimodal CoT
Dream-VLA: Open Vision-Language-Action Model with Diffusion Backbone	2025.12	Arxiv	dVLA from Dream-7B; first dLLM pretrained VLA
MMaDA-VLA: Large Diffusion VLA with Unified Multi-Modal Instruction and Generation	2026.03	Arxiv	Native discrete-diffusion VLA from MMaDA

(b) Discrete-diffusion action decoding — language backbone may still be AR-VLM, but action chunks are decoded via discrete diffusion. Closely tied to dLLM literature for inference techniques.

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Discrete Diffusion VLA: Action Decoding in VLA Policies	2025.08	Arxiv	Unified-transformer + discrete-diffusion actions
E0: Enhancing Generalization and Fine-Grained Control in VLA Models via Tweedie Discrete Diffusion	2025.11	Arxiv	AR-VLM backbone + Tweedie discrete diffusion on action tokens

6.3 Autonomous Driving / World Models

Scope note: works that apply discrete diffusion / masked-diffusion language modeling to driving trajectories, action codebooks, or tokenized world states. Continuous trajectory-diffusion planners (e.g., classical Diffusion Policy applied to driving) are out of scope.

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Copilot4D: Learning Unsupervised World Models for Autonomous Driving via Discrete Diffusion	2023.11	ICLR	Discrete diffusion on tokenized point-cloud world model
ReflectDrive: Discrete Diffusion for Reflective Vision-Language-Action Models in Autonomous Driving	2025.09	Arxiv	dLLM finetuned on discretized 2D driving space
Efficient and Explainable End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Masked Vision-Language-Action Diffusion	2026.02	Arxiv	Discrete action codebook + masked diffusion

7. Agentic & Tool-Use dLLMs

New section — emerging line: how dLLMs behave as agents (planning, multi-turn, tool calling). Critical for connecting dLLMs to robotics and physical-AI agent stacks.

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
The Bitter Lesson of Diffusion Language Models for Agentic Workflows: A Comprehensive Reality Check	2026.01	Arxiv	Embodied + tool-call eval
Agents of Diffusion: Enhancing Diffusion Language Models with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Structured Data Generation	2026.01	Arxiv	Multi-agent RL
DLLM Agent: See Farther, Run Faster	2026.02	Arxiv	dLLM-as-agent comparison

8. Theory, Guidance & Applications

8.1 Theory & Analysis

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Can Diffusion Model Achieve Better Performance in Text Generation? Bridging the Gap between Training and Inference!	2023.05	ACL Findings	<7B
TEncDM: Understanding the Properties of the Diffusion Model in the Space of Language Model Encodings	2024.02	AAAI	<7B
Masked Diffusion Models are Secretly Time-Agnostic Masked Models and Exploit Inaccurate Categorical Sampling	2024.10	ICLR	<7B
Theoretical Benefit and Limitation of Diffusion Language Model	2025.02	NeurIPS	TER vs SER analysis
Generalized Interpolating Discrete Diffusion (GIDD)	2025.03	ICML	Noising
Understanding the Quality-Diversity Trade-off in Diffusion Language Models	2025.03	ICML	Quality-Diversity Trade-off
Unifying Continuous and Discrete Text Diffusion with Non-simultaneous Diffusion Processes	2025.05	ACL	<7B
The Diffusion Duality	2025.06	ICML	<7B, Theoretical Duality
Your Absorbing Discrete Diffusion Secretly Models the Bayesian Posterior	2025.07	Arxiv	<7B
Time Is a Feature: Exploiting Temporal Dynamics in dLLMs	2025.08	Arxiv	Temporal focus
Diffusion LLMs Know the Answer Before Decoding	2025.08	Arxiv	Semantic focus
What Makes Diffusion Language Models Super Data Learners?	2025.10	Arxiv	Data efficiency
Why mask diffusion does not work	2025.10	Arxiv	Failure analysis
Empirical Analysis of Decoding Biases in Masked Diffusion Models	2025.10	Arxiv	Decoding Bias
Beyond Next-Token Prediction: A Performance Characterization of Diffusion versus Autoregressive Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	Speed Analysis
On the Role of Discreteness in Diffusion LLMs	2025.12	Arxiv	Speed Analysis
ParallelBench: Understanding the Trade-offs of Parallel Decoding in Diffusion LLMs	2025.10	ICLR
Efficient Self-Evaluation for Diffusion Language Models via Sequence Regeneration	2026.03	ACL	Self-evaluation, Generalization analysis
On the Role of Discreteness in Diffusion LLMs	2025.12	Arxiv	Discreteness analysis
ParallelBench: Understanding the Trade-offs of Parallel Decoding in Diffusion LLMs	2025.10	ICLR	Benchmark
Diffusion Language Models are Super Data Learners	2025.11	Arxiv	Data learner analysis
Adaptation to Intrinsic Dependence in Diffusion Language Models	2026.02	Arxiv	Distribution-agnostic schedule theory
Confidence-Based Decoding is Provably Efficient for Diffusion Language Models	2026.03	Arxiv	First theory of confidence-based decoding

8.2 Guidance & Downstream Applications

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
DiffusEmp: A Diffusion Model-Based Framework with Multi-Grained Control for Empathetic Response Generation	2023.06	ACL	Dialogue
DiffuDetox: A Mixed Diffusion Model for Text Detoxification	2023.06	ACL Findings	Detoxification
PoetryDiffusion: Towards Joint Semantic and Metrical Manipulation in Poetry Generation	2023.06	AAAI	Poetry Generation
ParaGuide: Guided Diffusion Paraphrasers for Plug-and-Play Textual Style Transfer	2023.08	AAAI	Text Style Transfer
P^3SUM: Preserving Author's Perspective in News Summarization with Diffusion Language Models	2023.11	NAACL	Summarization
DiffuCOMET: Contextual Commonsense Knowledge Diffusion	2024.02	ACL	Commonsense
DiffusionDialog: A Diffusion Model for Diverse Dialog Generation with Latent Space	2024.04	LREC-COLING	Dialogue
Diffusion Guided Language Modeling	2024.08	ACL Findings	Control
DiffLM: Controllable Synthetic Data Generation via Diffusion Language Models	2024.11	ACL Findings	Data Synthesis
Segment-Level Diffusion: A Framework for Controllable Long-Form Generation with Diffusion Language Models	2024.12	ACL	Text Segmentation
EdiText: Controllable Coarse-to-Fine Text Editing with Diffusion Language Models	2025.02	ACL	Text Editing
Constrained Discrete Diffusion	2025.03	NeurIPS	Constraint
Planning with Diffusion Models for Target-Oriented Dialogue Systems	2025.04	ACL	Dialogue
CtrlDiff: Boosting dLLMs with Dynamic Block Prediction	2025.05	Arxiv	Control
Diffusion vs. Autoregressive Language Models: A Text Embedding Perspective	2025.05	Arxiv	Embedding
DINGO: Constrained Inference for Diffusion LLMs	2025.05	Arxiv	Constrained Decoding
Inference-Time Scaling of Discrete Diffusion Models via Importance Weighting and Optimal Proposal Design	2025.05	ICLR	SMC test-time scaling
Mercury: Ultra-Fast Language Models Based on Diffusion	2025.06	Arxiv	Code
DiffuCoder: Improving Masked Diffusion for Code Generation	2025.06	Arxiv	Code
Unveiling the Potential of Diffusion Large Language Model in Controllable Generation	2025.07	Arxiv	Control
Arg-LLaDA: Argument Summarization via Large Language Diffusion Models and Sufficiency-Aware Refinement	2025.07	Arxiv	Summarization
Improving Text Style Transfer using Masked Diffusion Language Models with Inference-time Scaling	2025.08	Arxiv	Text Style Transfer
Seed Diffusion: Large-Scale dLLM with High-Speed Inference	2025.08	Arxiv	Code
TreeDiff: AST-Guided Code Generation with Diffusion LLMs	2025.08	Arxiv	Code (syntax-aware)
Beyond Autoregression: Empirical Study for Code Generation	2025.09	Arxiv	Code
Tree Reward-Aligned Search for TReASURe in Masked Diffusion Language Models	2024.10	Arxiv	Control
Syntax-Guided Diffusion Language Models with User-Integrated Personalization	2025.10	Arxiv	Personalization
TraceDet: Hallucination Detection from the Decoding Trace of Diffusion Large Language Models	2025.10	Arxiv	Hallucination
Don't Let It Fade: Preserving Edits via Token Timestep Allocation	2025.10	NeurIPS	Control
Diffusion Language Models for Speech Recognition	2026.04	Arxiv	ASR rescoring (MDLM/USDM)
CAGenMol: Condition-Aware Diffusion Language Model for Goal-Directed Molecular Generation	2026.04	Arxiv	Molecular generation

9. Seminal Diffusion Papers

Paper Title	Year	Venue	Remark
Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics	2015.03	ICML	Formulation
Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM)	2020.06	NeurIPS	-
Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIM)	2020.10	ICLR	-
Score-Based Generative Modeling through SDEs	2020.11	ICLR	-
Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis	2021.05	NeurIPS	CG
Structured Denoising Diffusion in Discrete State-Spaces (D3PM)	2021.07	NeurIPS	Discrete
Vector Quantized Diffusion Model (VQ-Diffusion)	2021.11	CVPR	VQ
High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion (LDM)	2021.12	CVPR	-
Progressive Distillation for Fast Sampling	2022.02	ICLR	Distillation
DPM-Solver: Fast ODE Solver for Sampling	2022.06	NeurIPS	-
Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidance	2022.07	NeurIPS	CFG
Analog Bits: Generating Discrete Data using Diffusion	2022.08	ICLR	Self-conditioning
Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers (DiT)	2022.12	ICCV	Scalable focus
Consistency Models	2023.03	ICML	-

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id: gh-tool--aidaslab--awesome-diffusion-llm
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